Staging
The stage of a lung cancer is very important in the clinical management of a patient. Staging is based on diagnostic evaluations as noted above. The currently accepted staging system for non-small cell lung cancer was adopted in 1997 by the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer,55 as a response to the need for more specific patient groupings. The four stages are based on the TNM descriptors as described below, and provides a consistent and reproducible classification for describing the extent of disease:
Primary Tumour (T) |
|
TX |
Primary tumour cannot be assessed, or tumour proven by the presence of malignant cells in sputum or bronchial washings but not visualised by imaging or bronchoscopy. |
T0 |
No evidence of primary tumour |
T1 |
Tumour £ 3 cm in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura, without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchusa {ie not in the main bronchus} |
T2 |
Tumour with any of the following features of size or extent: |
> 3cm in greatest dimension |
|
Involves main bronchus, ³ 2 cm distal to the carina |
|
Invades the visceral pleura |
|
Associated with atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis that extends to the hilar region but does not involve the entire lung |
|
T3 |
Tumour of any size that directly invades any of the following: chest wall (including superior sulcus tumours), diaphragm, mediastinal pleura, parietal pericardium; or tumour in the main bronchus <2cm distal to the carina, but without involvement of the carina; or associated atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis of the entire lung. |
T4 |
Tumour of any size that invades any of the following: mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, oesophagus, vertebral body, carina; or tumour with a malignant pleural or pericardial effusionb, or with satellite tumour nodule(s) within the ipsilateral primary-tumour lobe of the lung. |
Regional Lymph Nodes (N) |
|
NX |
Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed |
N0 |
No regional lymph node metastasis |
N1 |
Metastasis to ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes, and intrapulmonary nodes involved by direct extension of the primary tumour. |
N2 |
Metastasis to ipsilateral mediastinal, contralateral hilar, ipsilateral or contralateral scalene, or supraclavicular lymph node(s) |
Distant metastasis (M) |
|
MX |
presence of distant metastasis cannot be assessed |
M0 |
No distant metastasis |
M1 |
Distant metastasis presentc |
a) The uncommon superficial tumour of any size with its invasive component limited to the bronchial wall, which may extend proximal to the main bronchus, is also classified T1 |
|
b) Most pleural effusions associated with lung cancer are due to tumour. However, there are a few patients in whom multiple cytopathology examinations of pleural fluid show no tumour. In these cases, the fluid is non bloody and is not an exudate. When these elements and clinical judgement dictate that the effusion is not related to the tumour, the effusion is not related to the tumour, the effusion should be excluded as a staging element and the patient’s disease should be staged T1, T2 or T3. Pericardial effusion is classified according to the same rules. |
|
c) Separate metastatic tumour nodule(s) in the ipsilateral non-primary tumour lobe(s) of the lung are also classified M1. |
There are four stages, each corresponding to one or more TNM classification. Stage 1 reflecting the best prognosis and stage IV the worst.
Stage |
TNM subset |
0 |
Carcinoma in situ |
IA |
T1N0M0 |
IB |
T2N0M0 |
IIA |
T1N1M0 |
IIB |
T2N1M0, T3N0M0 |
IIIA |
T3N1M0, T1N2M0 |
T2N2M0, T3N2M0 |
|
IIIB |
T4N0M0, T4N1M0 |
T4N2M0, T1N3M0 |
|
T2N3M0, T3N3M0, T4N3M0 |
|
IV |
Any T Any N M1 |
*Staging is not relevant for occult carcinoma, designated TXN0M0 |
The complex TNM system is not used in small cell lung cancer, a simple two stage system of limited and extensive disease. Limited disease is defined as disease confined to one hemithorax with or without ipsilateral mediastinal or supraclavicular lymphadenopathy, while extensive disease covers any disease spread outside this defined area.56 Recently patients with contralateral mediastinal and supraclavicular nodes and ipsilateral pleural effusion have been included in the ‘limited disease’ category.
The categories of staging indicate prognosis and treatment options as outlined in the ‘Management’ section below.
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